2014年1月8日 星期三

2014 中文版 共產黨宣言 1(符甦 譯)


2014 中文版 (符甦 勘謬、正譯)

共產黨宣言(作者:馬克思 、恩格斯,於 倫敦1848年)

引言  (第1段)

一、资产者 和 打工仔  (第7段)

二、打工仔 和 共产党人 (第56段)

三、社会主义的 和 共产主义的 著作 (第123段)

   1.反动的社会主义

  。。。() 封建的社会主义

   。。 () 小资产阶级的社会主义(第134段)

       () 德国的或“真正的”社会主义 (第141段)

     2.保守的 或 资产阶级的 社会主义 (第157段)

   3極端空想社会主义 和 極端空想共产主义( 第163段)

四、共产党人 对 各种 反对党派的 态度 (第177段)

 

The  Communist     
Manifesto                      
Introduction
A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of Communism. All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.                         .1.
 
《共产党宣言》
 
引言
   一个鬼影,迷恋、缠绕着欧洲,就是共产主义的鬼影。为了对这鬼影进行疯狂驅除,旧欧洲的一切势力,教皇和沙皇、梅特涅和基佐、法国的激进派 和德国的警察特务,都联合起来了。
 
共產黨宣言(謬譯之“暴力 ”在53121131187 段;謬譯之“打倒”在52 段。)
引言
 
    一個幽靈,共産主義的幽靈,在歐洲徘徊。舊歐洲的一切勢力,教皇和沙皇、梅特涅和基佐、法國的激進黨人和德國的警察,都爲驅除這個幽靈而結成了神聖同盟。
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?           .2.
 
   有哪一个反对党 不被它的当政的竞争对手 骂为共产党呢?又有哪一个反对党 不拿 共产主义 这个罪名 去回敬更进步的反对党人 和 極端保守的对手呢?              
 
   有哪一個反對黨不被它的當政的敵人罵爲共產黨呢?又有哪一個反對黨不拿共産主義這個罪名去回敬更進步的反對黨人和自己的反動敵人呢?
   Two things result from this fact.                            .3.
 
  从这一事实中 可以得出两个结論:
 
   從這一事實中可以得出兩個結論:
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.          .4.
 
(一)共产主义 已经被欧洲的一切势力 公認为一种势力;
 
   共産主義已經被歐洲的一切勢力公認爲一種勢力;
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.                         .5.
 
(二)现在 是共产党人 向全世界 公开説明 自己的观点、自己的目的、自己的意图並且拿自己的宣言来反驳关于共产主义鬼影,这些幼兒故事的时候了。  
 
   現在是共產黨人向全世界公開說明自己的觀點、自己的目的、自己的意圖並且拿黨自己的宣言來對抗關於共産主義幽靈的神話的時候了。

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages. .6.
 
   为了这个目的,各国共产党人 集会于倫敦,拟定了如下的宣言,用英文、法文、德文、意大利文、弗拉芒文和丹麦文 公佈于世。        
 
    爲了這個目的,各國共產黨人集會于倫敦,擬定了如下的宣言,用英文、法文、德文、義大利文、佛來米文和丹麥文公佈於世。
I. Bourgeois and Proletarians
The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.                 .7.
 
一、资产者 和
 打工仔
 
   至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。
 
 
一、資産者和無産者

 
  到目前爲止的一切社會的歷史都是階級鬥爭的歷史。
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.                      .8.
 
  自由民 和 奴隶、贵族 和 平民、领主 和 农奴、行会師傅 和 帮工即是説,压迫者 和 被压迫者,始终處于相互对立的地位,进行不断的、有时隐蔽有时公开的斗争,而每一次斗争的结局,是整个社会 受到革命改造,或者搏鬥的各阶级兩敗俱傷、同归于尽。
 
  自由民和奴隸、貴族和平民、領主和農奴、行會師傅和幫工,一句話,壓迫者和被壓迫者,始終處於相互對立的地位,進行不斷的、有時隱蔽有時公開的鬥爭,而每一次鬥爭的結局是整個社會受到革命改造或者鬥爭的各階級同歸於盡。
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.               .9.
 
  在过去的各个历史时代,我们几乎到處都可以看到 社会完全劃分为 各个不同的等级,看到 社会地位分成多种多样的層次。在古罗马,有贵族、骑士、平民 奴隶在中世纪,有封建主、臣僕、行会師傅、帮工学徒 农奴而且几乎在每一个阶级内部又有一些附属的阶層。        
 
  在過去的各個歷史時代,我們幾乎到處都可以看到社會完全劃分爲各個不同的等級,看到由各種社會地位構成的多級的階梯。在古羅馬,有貴族、騎士、平民、奴隸,在中世紀,有封建領主、陪臣、行會師傅、幫工、農奴,而且幾乎在每一個階級內部又有各種獨特的等第
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.              .10.
 
   封建社会灭亡了,而现代资产阶级社会的兴起,並没有阶级对立。它只是用新的阶级、新的压迫条件新的斗争形式 代替了旧的。 我们的时代,资产阶级时代,有一个特点:简化了阶级对立整个社会 日益分裂为两大敌对的阵营,形成短兵相接两大阶级 :资产阶级 和 工人阶级。
 
   從封建社會的滅亡中産生出來的現代資產階級社會並沒有消滅階級對立。它只是用新的階級、新的壓迫條件、新的鬥爭形式代替了舊的。
 
但是,我們的時代,資產階級時代,卻有一個特點:它使階級對立簡單化了。整個社會日益分裂爲兩大敵對的陣營,分裂爲兩大相互直接對立的階級:資產階級和無產階級。
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.         .11.
 
   从中世纪的农奴中 产生了初期城市的城关市民;从这市民等级中,孕育了资产阶级最初的本領
 
   從中世紀的農奴中産生了初期城市的城關市民;從這個市民等級中發展出最初的資產階級分子
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid  development.      .12.
 
  美洲的發现、绕过非洲好望角的航行,给新兴的资产阶级开辟了新天地。东印度和中国的市场、美洲的殖民化、对殖民地的贸易、交换手段和一般的商品的增加,使商业、航海业和工业空前高漲,因而使正在崩溃的封建社会内部的革命因素迅速發展。
 
    美洲的發現、繞過非洲的航行,給新興的資產階級開闢了新的活動場所。東印度和中國的市場、美洲的殖民化、對殖民地的貿易、交換手段和一般的商品的增加,使商業、航海業和工業空前高漲,因而使正在崩潰的封建社會內部的革命因素迅速發展。
The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.       .13.
 
   以前那种封建的 或行会的工业经营方式随着新市场的出现, 已经不能满足需求了。大规模生产经营方式 成了主流。行会師傅 被工业的中间等级 排挤掉了;各种行业组织之间的分工随着各个車間内部的分工而消失了。
 
    以前那種封建的或行會的工業經營方式已經不能滿足隨著新市場的出現而增加的需求了。工場手工業代替了這種經營方式。行會師傅被工業的中間等級排擠掉了;各種行業組合之間的分工隨著各個作坊內部的分工的出現而消失了。
Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.    .14.
 
   同時,市场总是在扩大,需求总是在增加。甚至工场手工业 也不再能满足需要了。于是,蒸汽和机器 引起了工业生产的革命。工场手工业 被现代大工业打垮了工业的中间等级 被工业中的百万富翁,产业大军的众多首领,这些现代资产者,打垮了。
 
    但是,市場總是在擴大,需求總是在增加。甚至工場手工業也不再能滿足需要了。於是,蒸汽和機器引起了工業生産的革命。現化大工業化替了工場手工業;工業中的百萬富翁,整批整批産業軍的統領,現代資産者,代替了工業的中間等級。
Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in its time, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.                       . .15.             
 
   美洲的發现,为大工业开拓了世界市场。市场 使商业、航海业 和 陆路交通 得到了巨大的發展。这促进了工业的扩展,同时,随着工业、商业、航海业和铁路的扩展,资产阶级也在同一程度上得到發展,擴張自己的资本,把中世纪遗留下来的一切阶级 都排挤到後面去
 
   大工業建立了由美洲的發現所準備的世界市場。世界市場使商業、航海業和陸路交通得到了巨大的發展。這種發展又反過來促進了工業的擴展,同時,工業、商業、航海業和鐵路愈是擴展,資產階級也愈是發展,愈是增加自己的資本,愈是把中世紀遺留下來的一切階級都排擠到後面去。
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.          .16.
 
   由此可见,现代资产阶级本身是一个長期發展过程的产物,是生产方式 和 交换方式的一系列变革的产物。
 
   由此可見,現代資產階級本身是一個長期發展過程的産物,是生産方式和交換方式的一系列變革的産物。
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France), afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.       000
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.                          .17.
 
  資產階級每一個階段的發展,都使它自己的階級有相應的政治進展它在封建主 统治下,是被压迫的等级中世纪公社武装的和自治的团体在一些地方 组成 独立的城市共和国(正如 在意大利 和 德国),在另一些地方 组成 君主国中的纳税的第三等级(正如在法國);後来,在工场手工业时期,它等级制君主国 或专制君主国中,是 同贵族抗衡的势力,而且是大君主国的主要基礎;从现代工业建立了世界市场的时候起,它在现代 代議制国家 终于为它自己夺得唯我的政治统治。现代国家的不过是管理整个资产阶级一般事务的委员会罢了。
    资产阶级在历史上曾经起过非常革命的作用。
 
   資產階級的這種發展的每一個階段,都有相應的政治上的成就伴隨著。它在封建領主統治下是被壓迫的等級,在公社裏是武裝的和自治的團體,在一些地方組成獨立的城市共和國,在另一些地方組成君主國中的納稅的第三等級,後來,在工場手工業時期,它是等級制君主國或專制君主國中同貴族抗衡的勢力,甚至是大君主的主要基礎;最後,從大工業和世界市場建立的時候起,它在現代的代議制國家裏奪得了獨佔的政治統治。現代的國家政權不過是管理整個資產階級的共同事務的委員會罷了。
   
   資產階級在歷史上曾經起過非常革命的作用。
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors," and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash payment." It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And in place of the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.            .18.
 
  资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方终结了一切封建的、宗法的和田园詩般的关系。把人束縛於封建的“天生优越”形形色色的羁绊被它无情地斩断了;它使人和人之间 除了赤裸裸的关系,除了冷酷无情的“现金交易”,就再也没有任何别的联系了。它把宗教虔誠、骑士热忱、小市民柔情 这些超凡的幸福全都淹没在唯利是图的冰水之中。它把人的尊严变成了交换價值,用只有这一种没有良心的自由---買賣自由代替了無数特許的和自力挣得的自由。总而言之,为了剥削以 宗教幻觉 和 政治幻觉 作 掩盖,实行 公开、無耻、直接、残酷的剥削
 
   資產階級在它已經取得了統治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田園詩般的關係都破壞了。它無情地斬斷了把人們束縛于天然尊長的形形色色的封建羈絆,它使人和人之間 除了赤裸裸的利害關係,除了冷酷無情的現金交易,就再也沒有任何別的聯繫了。它把宗教的虔誠、騎士的熱忱、小市民的傷感這些情感的神聖激發,淹沒在利己主義打算的冰水之中。它把人的尊嚴變成了交換價值,用一種沒有良心的貿易自由代替了無數特許的和自力掙得的自由。總而言之,它用公開的、無恥的、直接的、露骨的剝削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩蓋著的剝削。
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.          .19.
 
   一切向来受人尊崇 和令人敬畏的职业的神聖光环被资产阶级抹去了。它把医生、律師、教士、詩人和学者 变成了它出钱招雇的雇傭劳动者。
 
    資產階級抹去了一切向來受人尊崇和令人敬畏的職業的靈光。它把醫生、律師、教士、詩人和學者變成了它出錢招雇的雇傭勞動者。
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which reactionists so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades.                   .20.            
 
   罩在家庭的温情脉脉的面纱,被资产阶级撕下了,它家庭关系 变成了纯粹的金钱关系
  資產階級在中世纪,就以殘酷的方式 使极端怠惰的人力使用 展現了活力,這使保守派羡慕不已。它第一个証明了,人的活动能够取得什么样的成就。它创造的奇蹟,遠遠超過 埃及金字塔、罗马水道 和 哥特式教堂;它調集的速度与規模, 使所有的民族大迁徙 和 远征 望塵莫及、相形見拙
 
   資產階級撕下了罩在家庭關係上的溫情脈脈的面紗,把這種關係變成了純粹的金錢關係。

    
資產階級揭示了,在中世紀深受反動派稱許的好勇鬥狠,是以懶散怠惰作爲它的相應的補充的。它第一個證明了,人的活動能夠取得什麽樣的成就。它創造了完全不同於埃及金字塔、羅馬水道和哥特式教堂的奇迹;它完成了完全不同於民族大遷移和十字軍東征的遠征
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind. 21                             
 
   资产阶级 若不对生产工具不断地更新改革,从而对生产关系,以及全部社会关系不断地进行革命,否则就不会叫做资产阶级原封不动 保持旧的生产方式,是过去一切工业阶级 生存的首要条件。资产阶级时代 ,不同于过去一切时代的地方,就是生产的产品不断变革,一切社会状况不停的动荡,無休無止的不安定和变动。一切固定的僵化的关系 以及与之相适应的素被尊崇的观念和见解都被消除了一切新形成的关系,還沒有固定下来就陈旧了。一切等级的 和 固定的东西 都烟消雲散了一切神聖的东西都被亵渎了。终于 不得不 用冷静的眼光 来看他们生活的真实状况,以及他们自己的相互关系。
 
     資產階級除非使生産工具,從而使生產關係,從而使全部社會關係不斷地革命化,否則就不能生存下去。反之,原封不動地保持舊的生産方式,卻是過去的一切工業階級生存的首要條件。生産的不斷變革,一切社會關係不停的動蕩,永遠的不安定和變動,這就是資產階級時代不同於過去一切時代的地方。一切固定的古老的關係以及與之相適應的素被尊崇的觀念和見解都被消除了,一切新形成的關係等不到固定下來就陳舊了。一切固定的東西都煙消雲散了,一切神聖的東西都被褻瀆了。人們終於不得不用冷靜的眼光來看他們的生活地位,他們的相互關係。
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. 22
 
  为了不断扩大产品销路,驱使资产阶级奔走于全球各地。它必须到處落户,到處开發,到處建立顧客联系
 
   不斷擴大産品銷路的需要,驅使資產階級奔走於全球各地。它必須到處落戶,到處創業,到處建立聯繫。
The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.                      .23.
 
    资产阶级,由于开拓了世界市场,使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了。 使保守派大为惋惜的是,资产阶级挖掉了工业脚下的民族基礎。一切固有民族工业,都被消灭了,或者每天都在被消灭它们被新的工业排挤了,新的工业的建立 已经成为一切文明国家生命攸关的问题;这些工业所加工的,已经不是本地的原料,而是来自极其遥远地区的原料;它们的产品 不僅供本国消费,而且同时供世界各地消费。国内的产品 使人賞心悅目,国外或遙遠地區的产品 譲你愛不釋手,以致我们 先前 渴望得到的东西,被新的 代替了。过去那种地方的和國家的自给自足闭关自守状态,我们有各方面的互相往来世界各國 各方面的相互依存 所代替了。物质的生产是如此,智慧成果也是如此。發明創造,成了公共的财产。闭关自守固步自封 日益成为不可能;每个国家的和地方的大量文学作品,成了世界文学
 
    資產階級,由於開拓了世界市場,使一切國家的生産和消費都成爲世界性的了。不管反動派怎樣惋惜,資產階級還是挖掉了工業腳下的民族基礎。古老的民族工業被消滅了,並且每天都還在被消滅。它們被新的工業排擠掉了,新的工業的建立已經成爲一切文明民族的生命攸關的問題;這些工業所加工的,已經不是本地的原料,而是來自極其遙遠的地區的原料;它們的産品不僅供本國消費,而且同時供世界各地消費。舊的、靠國産品來滿足的需要,被新的、要靠極其遙遠的國家和地帶的産品來滿足的需要所代替了。過去那種地方的和民族的自給自足和閉關自守狀態,被各民族的各方面的互相往來和各方面的互相依賴所代替了。物質的生産是如此,精神的生産也是如此。各民族的精神産品成了公共的財産。民族的片面性和局限性日益成爲不可能,於是,由許多種民族的和地方的文學形成了一種世界的文學。
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.             .24.
 
   资产阶级,由于一切生产工具的迅速改进,由于交通的极其便利,把一切民族, 甚至最野蛮的民族, 吸納到文明中来了。它的商品的低廉價格,就像重型火炮,摧毁一切万里長城迫使一切野蛮人 最顽强的仇外心理 乖乖投降。它驅使一切民族以免坐以待毙的苦痛,就得採用资产阶级的生产方式;它驅使它们一起推行它的文明,即是,资产者。總而言之它按照自己的理念创造出一个世界。
 
    資產階級,由於一切生産工具的迅速改進,由於交通的極其便利,把一切民族甚至最野蠻的民族都到文明中來了。它的商品的低廉價格,是它用來摧毀一切萬里長城、征服野蠻人最頑強的仇外心理的重炮。它迫使一切民族——如果它們不想滅亡的話──採用資產階級的生産方式;它迫使它們在自己那裏推行所謂文明制度,即變成資産者。一句話,它按照自己的面貌爲自己創造出一個世界。
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.                       .25.
 
   资产阶级 使农村 從属於城市的统治。它创立了众多巨大的城市,使城市人口比农村人口大大增加起来,因而使大部分居民 脱离了农村生活的愚昧状态。正像它使农村从属于城市一样,它使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家,使农民国家从属于资产阶级国家,使东方从属于西方。
 
    資產階級使鄉村屈服於城市的統治。它創立了巨大的城市,使城市人口比農村人口大大增加起來,因而使很大一部分居民脫離了鄉村生活的愚昧狀態。正象它使鄉村從屬於城市一樣,它使未開化和半開化的國家從屬於文明的國家,使農民的民族從屬於資產階級的民族,使東方從屬於西方。
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff.                        .26.
 
  資產階級使人口、生産手段 財産的分散狀態 日甚一日地消失了。它使人口密集起來,使生産集中起來,使財産聚集在少數人的手裏。由此必然意味政治的集中。各自獨立的、幾乎只有同盟關係的、各有不同利益、不同法律、不同政府、不同關稅的各個地區,現在已經結合爲一個擁有統一的政府、統一的法律、統一的國家階級利益 和統一的關稅的國家了。
 
   資產階級日甚一日地消滅生産資料、財産和人口的分散狀態。它使人口密集起來,使生産資料集中起來,使財産聚集在少數人的手裏。由此必然産生的後果就是政治的集中。各自獨立的、幾乎只有同盟關係的、各有不同利益、不同法律、不同政府、不同關稅的各個地區,現在已經結合爲一個擁有統一的政府、統一的法律、統一的民族階級利益和統一的關稅的國家了。
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?           .27.
 
   资产阶级在僅僅一百年的统治中所创造的生产力,比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力 還要多,還要大。自然力的征服,机器的採用,化学在工业和农业中的应用,轮船的行驶,铁路的通行,电报的使用,整个整个大陆的开垦,河川与運河的通航,彷彿用法术从地下呼唤出来的大量人口,----过去哪一个世纪 料想到在社会劳动裡蕴藏有这样的生产力呢?
 
    資產階級在它的不到一百年的階級統治中所創造的生産力,比過去一切世代創造的全部生産力還要多,還要大。自然力的征服,機器的採用,化學在工業和農業中的應用,輪船的行駛,鐵路的通行,電報的使用,整個整個大陸的開墾,河川的通航,彷彿用法術從地下呼喚出來的大量人口,──過去哪一個世紀能夠料想到有這樣的生産力潛伏在社會勞動裏呢?
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.            .28.
 
    我們看到那時:生产 和 交换手段在封建社会裡已經形成是資產階級得到發展的基礎。在这些生产和交换手段發展的一定阶段上,封建社会的生产和交换 在其中进行的关系,封建的农业 和 工场手工业组织,即是説,封建的所有制关系,适应已经形成的生产力了。它成了束缚生产的桎梏。這些桎梏必须被打破,而且已经被打破了。
 
    由此可見,資產階級賴以生産資料和交換手段,是在封建社會裏造成的。在這些生産資料和交換手段發展的一定階段上,封建社會的生産和交換在其中進行的關係,封建的農業和工業組織,一句話,封建的所有制關係,就不再適應已經發展的生産力了。這種關係已經在阻礙生産而不是促進生産了。它變成了束縛生産的桎梏。它必須被打破,而且果然被打破了。
Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted to it, and by the economical and political sway of the bourgeois class.                         .29.
 
起而代之的是自由竞争 以及 与自由竞争相适应的社会制度 和 政治制度、资产阶级的经济统治 和 政治统治。
 
    起而代之的是自由競爭以及與自由競爭相適應的社會制度和政治制度、資產階級的經濟統治和政治統治。
A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put on its trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the entire bourgeois society. In these crises a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand in forced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.             .30.
 
  现在,我们眼前进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系 和交换关系,资产阶级的所有制关系,这个彷彿用法术创造了 如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的 现代资产阶级社会,现在像一个魔法師一样 不能支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史,只不过是现代生产力厌恶现代生产关系、厌恶资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出 在周期性的重復中 越来越危及 整个资产阶级 社会 生存的 商业危机 就够了。在 商业危机 期间,不僅有很大一部分製成品 被毁灭掉,而且有很大一部分已经成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间,就像發生一种在过去 一切时代 看来 有如 社会瘟疫的荒唐现象,即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然發现 自己回到了一时的野蛮状态;彷彿是一次飢荒、一场毁灭世界的大战,使社会全部生活资料中断了供应;彷彿工业和商业全被毁灭了。这是什么缘故呢?因为社会 文明过度,生活资料太多,工业太多和商业太多。社会所拥有的生产力 已经不能再促进资产阶级文明 和 资产阶级所有制关系的發展;生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步,它已经受到这种关系的阻碍;而它一着手克服这种障碍,就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱,就使资产阶级所有制的存在 受到威脅。资产阶级的社會制約太狭窄了,容纳不了它本身所造的财富了。资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢?一方面不得不弃置大量生产力另一方面夺取新的市场,以及更加彻底地開發原有的市场。这即是説,为更全面、更猛烈的危机 铺平道路,而防止危机的手段 越来越少了。
 
   現在,我們眼前又進行著類似的運動。資產階級的生產關係和交換關係,資產階級的所有制關係,這個曾經仿佛用法術創造了如此龐大的生産資料和交換手段的現代資產階級社會,現在象一個巫師那樣不能支配自己用符咒呼喚出來的魔鬼了。幾十年來的工業和商業的歷史,只不過是現代生産力反抗現代生產關係、反抗作爲資產階級及其統治的存在條件的所有制關係的歷史。要證明這一點,只要指出在周期性的迴圈中愈來愈危及整個資產階級社會生存的商業危機就夠了。在商業危機期間,總是不僅有很大一部分製成的産品被毀滅掉,而且有很大一部分已經造成的生産力被毀滅掉。在危機期間,發生一種在過去一切時代看來都好像是荒唐現象的社會瘟疫,即生產過剩的瘟疫。社會突然發現自己回到了一時的野蠻狀態;彷彿是一次飢荒、一場普遍的毀滅性戰爭,吞噬了社會的全部生活資料;彷彿是工業和商業全被毀滅了,──這是什麽緣故呢?因爲社會上文明過度,生活資料太多,工業和商業太發達。社會所擁有的生産力 已經不能再促進資產階級文明 資產階級所有制關係的發展;相反,生産力已經強大到這種關係所不能適應的地步,它已經受到這種關係的阻礙;而它一着手克服這種障礙,就使整個資產階級社會陷入混亂,就使資產階級所有制的存在受到威脅。資產階級的關係已經太狹窄了,再容納不了它本身所造成的財富了。--──資產階級用什麽辦法來克服這種危機? 一方面 不得不消滅大量生産力,另一方面奪取新的市場,更加徹底地利用舊的市場。這究竟是怎樣的一種辦法呢?這不過是資產階級準備 更全面 更猛烈的 危機的辦法,不過是使防止危機的手段愈來愈少的辦法。
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.     .31.
 
   资产阶级用来推翻封建制度的武器,现在却对準资产阶级自己了。
 
    資產階級用來推翻封建制度的武器,現在卻對準資產階級自己了。
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.    .32.
 
   但是,资产阶级不僅锻造了置自身于死地的武器;它還产生了将要运用这种武器的人----现代的工人階級,即打工仔
 
  但是,資產階級不僅鍛造了置自身於死地的武器;它還産生了將要運用這種武器的人──現代的工人,即無産者。
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.                      .33.
 
   随着资产阶级即资本的發展,工人阶级现代打工仔阶级也在同一程度上得到發展;现代的工人只有当他们找到工作的时候 才能生存,而且只有当他们的劳动增殖资本的时候 才能找到工作这些不得不把自己零星出卖的工人,像其他任何货物一样,也是一种商品,所以他们同样地受到竞争的一切变化、市场的一切波动的影响。
 
  資產階級即資本愈發展,無產階級即現代工人階級也在同一程度上跟著發展;現代的工人只有當他們找到工作的時候才能生存,而且只有當他們的勞動增殖資本的時候才能找到工作。這些不得不把自己零星出賣的工人,象其他任何貨物一樣,也是一種商品,所以他們同樣地受到競爭方面的一切變化的影響,受到市場方面的一切波動的影響。
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of the machinery, etc.                         .34.
 
   由于机器的推广和分工,打工仔的劳动 已经失去了任何独立的性质,因而对工人也失去了任何吸引力。工人变成了机器的单纯的附属品,要求他做的只是极其简单、极其单調 和 极容易学会的操作。因此,花在工人身上的费用,几乎 只限于 维持 工人 生活 和 延续 工人 後代 所必需的生活资料。但是,商品的價格,从而劳动的價格,是同它的生产费用 相等的。因此,劳动量的增加 越使人感到厌恶,工资也就越减少。不僅如此,机器越推广,分工越细緻,劳动量也就越增加,这或者是由于工作时间的延長,或者是由于 在一定时间内 所要求的劳动的增加机器加速运转,等等。
 
   由於機器的推廣和分工的發展,無産者的勞動已經失去了任何獨立的性質,因而也失去了對工人的任何吸引力。工人變成了機器的單純的附屬品,要求他做的只是極其簡單、極其單調和極容易學會的操作。因此,花在工人身上的費用,幾乎只限于維持工人生活和延續工人後代所必需的生活資料。但是,商品的價格,從而勞動的價格,是同它的生産費用相等的。因此,勞動愈使人感到厭惡,工資也就愈減少。不僅如此,機器愈推廣,分工愈細緻,勞動量也就愈增加,這或者是由於工作時間的延長,或者是由於在一定時間內所要求的勞動量的增加,機器運轉的加速,等等。
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.     .35.
 
   现代工业 已经把家長式的師傅的小作坊 变成了工业资本家的大工厂。挤在工厂裡的工人 就像士兵一样 被组织起来。他们是产业军的普通士兵,受着各级军士和军官的層層监视。他们不僅是资产阶级的奴隶,也是资产阶级国家的奴隶,並且每日每时都受机器、受监工、首先是受各个经营工厂的资产者的奴役。更加露骨地声称 盈利是这惡霸制度的最终目的,它就更加吝啬,更加可惡,更加 使人 苦難深重。
 
   現代工業已經把家長式的師傅的小作坊變成了工業資本家的大工廠。擠在工廠裏的工人群衆就像士兵一樣被組織起來。他們是産業軍的普通士兵,受著各級軍士和軍官的層層監視。他們不僅是資產階級的、資產階級國家的奴隸,並且每日每時都受機器、受監工、首先是受各個廠主資産者本人的奴役。這種專制制度愈是公開地把發財致富宣佈爲自己的最終目的,它就愈是可鄙、可恨和可惡。
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and  sex.                        .36.
 
  手工操作所要求的技巧和气力越少,换句話説,现代工业越發达,男工就越受到女工和童工的排挤。对工人阶级来説,性别和年龄的差别 再没有什么社会意义了。他们只是劳动工具,不过因为年龄和性别的不同 而需要不同的费用罢了。
 
   手工操作所要求的技巧和氣力愈少,換句話說,現代工業愈發達,男工就愈受到女工的排擠。對工人階級來說,性別和年齡的差別再沒有什麽社會意義了。他們都只是勞動工具,不過因爲年齡和性別的不同而需要不同的費用罷了。
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far, at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.      .37.
 
   当厂主对工人的剥削 告一段落,工人领到了用现钱支付的工资的时候,馬上就有另一部分的资产阶级附属----房东、小店主、当铺老闆等等向他们撲来。
 
   當廠主對工人的剝削告一段落,工人領到了用現錢支付的工資的時候,馬上就有資產階級中的另一部分人──房東、店主、當鋪老闆等等向他們撲來。
The lower strata of the middle class -- the small trades people, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.               .38.
 
   以前的中间等级的下層,即小经纪人、小店主小食利者小工和农民----所有这些阶级 都工人阶级的队伍裡来了,有的是因为他们的小资本 不足以经营大工业,经不起较大资本家的竞争;有的是因为他们的手艺 已经被新的生产方 弄得不值钱了。工人阶级就是这样 从居民的所有阶级中 得到的。
 
   以前的中間等級的下層,即小工業家、小商人和小食利者,手工業者和農民──所有這些階級都降落到無產階級的隊伍裏來了,有的是因爲他們的小資本不足以經營大工業,經不起較大資本家的競爭;有的是因爲他們的手藝已經被新的生産方法弄得一錢不值了。無產階級的隊伍就是這樣從居民的所有階級中得到補充的。
The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.           .39.
 
   工人阶级经历了各个不同的發展阶段。它资产阶级的斗争 是和它自己的存在 同时开始的。他们同直接剥削他们的个资产者作斗争,最初是个的工人,然後是某一工厂的工人,然後是某一地方的某一行業的工人。他们的攻击目標,不是资产阶级的生产狀況,而生产工具;他们毁坏那些来竞争的外国商品,捣毁机器,烧毁工厂,力图恢復已经失去的中世纪手艺工人的地位。
 
   無產階級經歷了各個不同的發展階段。它反對資產階級的鬥爭是和它的存在同時開始的。

 
最初是個別的工人,然後是某一工廠的工人,然後是某一地方的某一勞動部門的工人,同直接剝削他們的個別資産者作鬥爭。他們不僅僅攻擊資產階級的生產關係,他們攻擊生産工具本身;他們毀壞尋些來競爭的外國商品,搗毀機器,燒毀工廠,力圖恢復已經失去的中世紀工人的地位。
At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeoisie. Thus the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory for the  bourgeoisie.          .40.
 
   在这个阶段互相競爭下分散的工人分散在全国各地。 工人的大规模集结,還不是他们自己联合的结果,而是资产阶级联合的结果,当时资产阶级为了达到自己的政治目的必须 而且暂时還能够 把整个工人阶级發动起来因此,在这个阶段上,打工仔不是同自己的敌人作斗争,而是同自己的敌人的敌人作斗争,即同专制君主制的残餘、地主、非工业资产阶级和小资产者作斗争。因此,整个历史运动都集中在资产阶级手裡;在这种条件下 取得的每一个胜利 都是资产阶级的胜利。
 
   在這個階段上,工人還是分散在全國各地並爲競爭所分裂的群衆。廣大工人群衆的團結,還不是他們自己聯合的結果,而是資產階級聯合的結果,當時資產階級爲了達到自己的政治目的必須而且暫還能夠把整個無產階級發動起來。因此,在這個階段上,無産者不是同自己的敵人作鬥爭,而是同自己的敵人的敵人作鬥爭,即同君主專制的殘餘、地主、非工業資產階級和小資産者作鬥爭。因此,整個歷史運動都集中在資產階級手裏;在這種條件下取得的每一個勝利都是資產階級的勝利。
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there the contest breaks out into riots.                        .41.
 
    但是,随着工业的發展,工人阶级 不僅 人数增加了而且它结合成更大的集体,它的力量日益增長,它越来越感觉到自己的力量。机器使劳动的差别越来越小,使工资 几乎 到處 都降到同样低的水平,因而工人阶级内部的利益 和 生活状况 也越来越趋于一致。资产者彼此间 日益加剧的竞争 以及 由此引起的商业危机,使工人的工资越来越不稳定;机器的不断改进更新换代,使工人的整个生活地位 越来越没有保障;个工人 和个资产者之间的冲突越来越具有两个阶级的冲突的性质。工人开始成立 资产者斗争的同盟(工會);他们联合起来保卫自己的工资的增長。他们甚至建立了永久的团体,以便为可能發生的反抗準備。有些地方,斗争爆發为暴動
 
   但是,隨著工業的發展,無產階級不僅人數增加了,而且它結合成更大的集體,它的力量日益增長,它愈來愈感覺到自己的力量。機器使勞動的差別愈來愈小,使工資幾乎到處都降到同樣低的水平,因而無產階級的利益和生活狀況也愈來愈趨於一致。資産者彼此間日益加劇的竟爭以及由此引起的商業危機,使工人的工資愈來愈不穩定;機器的日益迅速的和繼續不斷的改良,使   工人的整個生活地位愈來愈沒有保障;個別工人和工別資産者之間的衝突愈來愈具有兩個階級的衝突的性質。工人開始成立反對資産者的同盟;他們聯合起來保衛自己的工資。他們甚至建立了經常性的團體,以便一旦發生衝突在生活上有所保障。有些地方,鬥爭轉變爲起義
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.     42.
 
   工人有时也得到胜利,但这种胜利只是暂时的。他们斗争的真正成果不是在於立刻的成效,而是在於工人越来越扩大的联合。这种联合由于现代工业所造成的 日益發达的交通工具 而得到發展,这种交通工具把各地的工人 彼此联系起来。有了这种联系,就能把許多地的斗争全都是同样性質,汇合成全国的阶级斗争。而一切阶级斗争都是政治斗争。中世纪的市民靠乡间小道需要几百年才能达到的联合,现代的打工仔,利用铁路只要几年就可以达到了。
 
   工人有時也得到勝利,但這種勝利只是暫時的。他們鬥爭的真正成果並不是直接取得的成功,而是工人的愈來愈擴大的團結。這種團結由於大工業所造成的日益發達的交通工具而得到發展,這種交通工具把各地的工人彼此聯繫起來。只要有了這種聯繫,就能把許多性質相同的地方性的鬥爭匯合成全國性的鬥爭,匯合誠階級鬥爭。而一切階級鬥爭都是政治鬥爭。中世紀的市民靠鄉間小道需要幾百年才能達到的團結,現代的無産者利用鐵路只要幾年就可以達到了。
This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.                  .43.
 
    打工仔组织成为阶级,从而组织成为政党,不斷受到困惑,是由于工人的自相竞争。但是,这种组织 总是前仆後继,並且一次比一次更强大,更坚固,更有力。它利用资产阶级内部的,迫使他们用法律形式 承認工人的整体利益。英国的 十小时 工作日 法案 得到实行 就是 一个例子。
 
   無産者組織成爲階級,從而組織成爲政黨這件事,不斷地由於工人的自相競爭而受到破壞。但是,這種組織總是一次又一次地重新産生,並且一次比一次更強大,更堅固,更有力。它利用資產階級內部的分裂,迫使他們用法律形式承認工人的個別利益。英國的十小時工作日法案就是一個例子。
Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many ways, the course of development of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times, with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its own instruments of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie.                .44
 
   
   总的来説,舊社会内部的阶级冲突,在許多方面都促进了工人阶级的發展。资产阶级总是處于不断的斗中:最初贵族;後来同工业进步有利害冲突的那部分资产阶级;外国的资产阶级,更是無日無之。在这一切斗争中,资产阶级都 不得不 向工人阶级呼吁,要求工人阶级援助,这样就把工人阶级捲进政治运动来了資產階級本身,因此,把它自己的政治和啓蒙教育給予了工人階級,換句話說,它給了工人階級与資產階級戰鬥的武器
 
 
    一般說來,舊社會內部的衝突在許多方面都促進了無產階級的發展。資產階級處於不斷的鬥爭中:最初是反對貴族,後來又反對其利益同工業進步相矛盾的一部分資產階級,並且經常反對一切外國的資產階級。在這一切鬥爭中,資產階級都不得不向無產階級呼籲,要求無產階級援助,這樣就把無產階級捲進了政治運動。於是,資產階級自己就把自己的教育因素即反對自身的武器給予了無產階級。
Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling classes are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of existence. These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress.             .45.
 
   其次,我们已经看到,工业的进步 把统治阶级的 整批成员 抛到工人阶级队伍裡去,或者使他们的生多少受到威脅。這些也给工人阶级的博大胸襟和進展 注入了 新的動力
 
   其次,我們已經看到,工業的進步把統治階級中的整個整個的階層抛到無產階級隊伍裏去,或者至少也使他們的生活條件受到威脅。他們也給無產階級帶來了大量的教育因素

Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the process of dissolution going on within the ruling class, in fact within the whole range of society, assumes such a violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.                           .46.
 
  最後,在阶级斗争接近,统治阶级内部的、整个舊社会内部的瓦解过程,就达到非常强烈、非常尖锐的程度,甚至使得统治阶级中的一小部分人 脱离统治阶级 而归附于革命的阶级,即掌握着未来的阶级。所以,正像过去贵族中有一部分人转到资产阶级方面一样,现在资产阶级中也有一部分人,特别是已经提高到 从理論上認識 整个历史运动 这一水平的 一部分 资产阶级思想家,转到工人阶级方面来了。
 
     最後,在階級鬥爭接近決戰的時期,統治階級內部的、整個舊社會內部的瓦解過程,就達到非常強烈、非常尖銳的程度,甚至使得統治階級中的一小部分人脫離統治階級而歸附於革命的階級,即掌握著未來的階級。所以,正象過去貴族中有一部分人轉到資產階級方面一樣,現在資產階級中也有一部分人,特別是已經提高到從理論上認識整個歷史運動這一水平的一部分資產階級思想家,轉到無產階級方面來了。
 
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential product. The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try to roll back the wheel of history. If by chance they are revolutionary, they are so only in view of their impending transfer into the proletariat, they thus defend not their present, but their future interests, they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat.               .47.
 
   在当前同资产阶级决一高低的一切阶级中,只有工人阶级是真正革命的阶级。其餘的阶级都随着大工业的發展而日趋没落和消失工人阶级是大工业既特別又重要的产中间等级的下層,即小工业家、小商人、手工业者、农民,他们同资产阶级作斗争,都是为了维护他们这种中间等级的生存,以免于灭亡。所以,他们不是革命的,而是保守的。不僅如此,他们甚至是反动的,因为他们力图使歷史的车轮倒转。如果説他们是革命的,那是鉴于他们行将转入工人阶级的队伍,这样,他们就不是维护他们目前的利益,而是维护他们将来的利益,他们就抛弃自己原来的立场,而站到工人阶级的立场上来。
 
   在當前同資產階級對立的一切階級中,只有無產階級是真正革命的階級。其餘的階級都隨著大工業的發展而日趨沒落和滅亡,無產階級卻是大工業本身的産物。中間等級,即小工業家、小商人、手工業者、農民,他們同資產階級作鬥爭,都是爲了維護他們這種中間等級的生存,以免於滅亡。所以,他們不是革命的,而是保守的。不僅如此,他們甚至是反動的,因爲他們力圖使歷史的車輪倒轉。如果說他們是革命的,那是鑒於他們行將轉入無產階級的隊伍,這樣,他們就不是維護他們目前的利益,而是維護他們將來的利益,他們就離開自己原來的立場,而站到無產階級的立場上來。
The "dangerous class" the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of old society, may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue.                .48.
 
  流氓阶级”,是社会渣滓,旧社会最下層中 消极腐化的部分,他们,有先有後,也被工人阶级革命捲到运动裡来,但是,由于他们的整个生活状况,他们更甘心于被人收买,去幹反动的勾当。
 
   流氓無產階級是舊社會最下層中消極的腐化的部分,他們有時也被無產階級革命卷到運動裏來,但是,由於他們的整個生活狀況,他們更甘心於被人收買,去幹反動的勾當。
In the conditions of the proletariat, those of old society at large are already virtually swamped. The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family-relations; modern industrial labour, modern subjection to capital, the same in England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.  .49.
 
 
    工人阶级现今的生活状况那些在旧社会的生活条件已经消打工仔是没有财产的;他们和妻子兒女的关系 同资产阶级的家庭关系 没有任何共同之處了;现代的工业劳动,现代的资本压迫,無論在英国或法国,無論在美国或德国,都是一样的,都使打工仔没有一丁点 国民属性。法律、道德、宗教,在他们看来全都是资产阶级偏见,隐藏在这些偏见後面的 全都是资产阶级利益。
 
   舊社會的生活條件在無產階級的生活條件中已經被消滅了。無産者是沒有財産的;他們和妻子兒女的關係同資產階級的家庭關係再沒有共同之處了;現代的工業勞動,現代的資本壓迫,無論在英國或法國,無論在美國或德國,都是一樣的,都使無産者失去了任何民族性。法律、道德、宗教,在他們年來全都是掩蓋資產階級利益的資產階級偏見。
All the preceding classes that got the upper hand, sought to fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at large to their conditions of appropriation. The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property.                      .50.
 
securitiesArchaic. overconfidence; cockiness. carelessness
 
    过去一切阶级 在争得统治之後,总是使整个社会 服从于它们強搶豪奪的分配条件,以此来鞏固它们已经获得的生活地位打工仔(争得统治權之後)若不废除自己 现存的分配方式,从而废除全部现存的分配方式,就不成为社会生产力主人打工仔没有什么自己的东西必须加以保护或鞏固,他们为了擁有 和 保障得到 個人財產必须打破、抛弃 一切以前的麻木不仁
 
    過去一切階級在爭得統治之後,總是使整個社會服從于它們發財致富的條件,企圖以此來鞏固它們已經獲得的生活地位。無産者只有消滅自己的現存的佔有方式,從而消滅全部現存的佔有方式,才能取得社會生産力。無産者沒有什麽自己的東西必須加以保護,他們必須摧毀至今保護和保障私有財産的一切
All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interests of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interests of the immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole super incumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.                            .51.
 
 
  过去歷史的一切运动 都是少数人的 或者为少数人 謀利益的运动。工人阶级的运动 是绝大多数人的自我意識、为绝大多数人 謀利益的独立的运动工人阶级,现今社会的最下層,如果不拋棄构成官方社会的整个上層,就不能抬起头来,挺起胸来。
 
    過去的一切運動都是少數人的或者爲少數人謀利益的運動。無產階級的運動是絕大多數人的、爲絕大多數人謀利益的獨立的運動。無產階級,現今社會的最下層,如果不炸毀構成官方社會的整個上層,就不能擡起頭來,挺起胸來。


Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie.             .52.
 
   顯而易見工人阶级资产阶级的斗争,最初是一国范围内的斗争。每一个国家的工人阶级当然首先 必須与本国的资产阶级談判
 
  如果不就內容而就形式來說,無產階級反對資產階級的鬥爭首先是一國範圍內的鬥爭。每一個國家的無產階級當然首先應該打倒本國的資產階級。
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.       53.    
那时,企图用暴力推翻资产阶级是工人階級走上歪路的根本        
 
   在叙述工人阶级發展大方向的时候,我们循序探討了现存社会内部 或多或少 隐蔽着的国内战争,直到这个战争爆發为公开的革命,那时,工人阶级企图用暴力推翻资产阶级建立自己的统治是主导。
 
   在敍述無產階級發展的最一般的階段的時候,我們循序探討了現存社會內部或多或少隱蔽著的國內戰爭,直到這個戰爭轉變爲公開的革命,無產階級用暴力推翻資產階級而建立自己的統治。
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern laborer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.             .54.
 
  至今的一切社会,我们所看到的,都是建立在压迫阶级和被压迫阶级的对立之上的。但是,为了有可能压迫一个阶级,就必须保証这个阶级 至少有能够勉强维持它的奴隶般的生存条件。农奴曾经在农奴制度下 使自己提升到公社社员的地位,正如小资产者曾经在封建专制制度的束缚下使自己發展 成为资产者的地位。现代的工人相反,他们並不是随着工业的进步而上升,而是越来越降到本阶级的生存条件以下。工人变成赤贫者,贫困比人口和财富增長得還要快。由此可以明显地看出,资产阶级不適宜做社会的统治阶级了,再不能把自己阶级的生存条件支配一切规律强加于社会了。资产阶级適宜统治下去了,因为無心保証 自己的奴隶的生因为眼睜睜看着自己的奴隶陷入如此境况,却無動於衷應該养活它的奴隶, 反而要奴隶来养活的地步。 資產階級的统治下,整個社會就奄奄一息了,就是説,它的表現不再同社会相容了。
 
   我們已經看到,到目前爲止的一切社會都是建立在壓迫階級和被壓迫階級的對立之上的。但是,爲了有可能壓迫一個階級,就必須保證這個階級至少有能夠維持它的奴隸般的生存的條件。農奴曾經在農奴制度下掙扎到公社社員的地位,小資産者曾經在封建專制制度的束縛下掙扎到資産者的地位。現代的工人卻相反,他們並不是隨著工業的進步而上升,而是愈來愈降到本階級的生存條件以下。工人變成赤貧者,貧困比人口和財富增長得還要快。由此可以明顯地看出,資產階級再不能做社會的統治階級了,再不能把自己階級的生存條件當做支配一切的規律強加於社會了。資產階級不能統治下去了,因爲它甚至不能保證自己的奴隸維持奴隸的生活,因爲它不得不讓自己的奴隸落到不能養活它反而要它來養活的地步。社會再不能在它統治下生活下去了,就是說,它的存在不再同社會相容了。
The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.  .55.
 
     资产阶级 能夠统治的根本条件,是资本的形成和擴張;资本的条件是雇佣劳动。雇佣劳动 完全是建立在工人的自相竞争之上的。资产阶级无意中造成 而又无力抵抗的工业进步,使工人通过结社而达到的革命联合代替了他们由于竞争而造成的孤立無援状态。于是,随着现代大工业的發展,资产阶级 赖以生产和佔有产品的基礎 就从它的脚下被挖掉了。它 生产的,最为重要的,是它自身的掘墓人。资产阶级的失勢工人阶级的胜利 是同样不可避免的。
 
     資產階級生存和統治的根本條件,是財富在私人手裏的積累,是資本的形成和增殖;資本的生存條件是雇傭勞動。雇傭勞動完全是建立在工人的自相競爭之上的。資產階級無意中造成而又無力抵抗的工業進步,使工人通過聯合而達到的革命團結代替了他們由於競爭而造成的分散狀態。於是,隨著大工業的發展,資產階級賴以生産和佔有産品的基礎本身也就從它的腳下被挖掉了。它首先生産的是它自身的掘墓人。資產階級的滅亡和無產階級的勝利是同樣不可避免的。

5 則留言:

  1. But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians. .32.
    资产阶级不僅锻造了置自身于死地的武器;它還产生了(将要运用)这种武器的人----现代的工人階級,即打工仔。

    the men who are to wield those weapons 不是 运用,是 制造。

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  2. 第40段 the petty bourgeoisie应译作:鄙吝的资産階级。而不是‘小资産階级。

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  3. 第23段 应为:
    资产阶级,由于开拓了世界市场,使一切国家的 生产和消费 都 同属於 这世界市場了。 使保守派大为惋惜的是,资产阶级挖掉了工业脚下的民族基礎。一切固有的民族工业,都被消灭了,或者每天都在被消灭;它们被新的工业排挤了,新的工业的建立 已经成为一切文明国家生命攸关的问题;这些工业所加工的,已经不是本地的原料,而是来自极其遥远的地区的原料;它们的产品 不僅供本国消费,而且同时供世界各地消费。 国内的产品 使人 賞心悅目,国外或遙遠地區的产品 譲你 愛不釋手,以致我们 先前 渴望得到的东西,被新的 代替了。过去 那种 地方的和國家的 自给自足、闭关自守 状态,而今,我们 有各方面的 互相往来,世界各國 各方面的 相互依存 所代替了。物质的生产是如此,智慧成果也是如此。各国的 發明創造,成了公共的财产。闭关自守 和 固步自封 日益 成为 不可能; 每个国家的 和 地方的大量 文学作品,成了世界文学。


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